Home Print this page Email this page
Users Online: 16935
Home About us Editorial board Search Ahead of print Current issue Archives Submit article Instructions Subscribe Contacts Login 


 
 Table of Contents  
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Year : 2019  |  Volume : 8  |  Issue : 3  |  Page : 174-179

Reflected images processing and the diseases of the brain


1 Department of Neurology, Faculty Block, Neurocenter, NIMHANS, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
2 Department of Neurology, NIMHANS, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
3 Department of Psychiatry, NIMHANS, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India

Date of Submission05-Apr-2018
Date of Acceptance10-Jun-2019
Date of Web Publication05-Aug-2019

Correspondence Address:
Dr. Sadanandavalli Retnaswami Chandra
Faculty Block, Neurocenter, NIMHANS, Bengaluru - 560 029, Karnataka
India
Login to access the Email id

Source of Support: None, Conflict of Interest: None


DOI: 10.4103/ijhas.IJHAS_27_18

Rights and Permissions
  Abstract 


OBJECTIVES: The objective of the study reflected image processing defects in patients with dementia.
PATIENTS AND METHODS: Patients with memory complaint with Hindi Mental Status Examination (HMSE) score of 20 seen in the last 5 years were evaluated for mirror agnosia and mirror-image agnosia. Visual acuity was checked and corrected. A 45 cm × 45 cm plain mirror was used. It was kept at 30-cm distance from the patient. Their ability to recognize the mirror was confirmed. They were asked to identify reflected objects, ornaments, dress, self-image, image of caregiver, and two each of famous, smiling, crying, and novel faces.
RESULTS: A total number of patients with memory complaint were 512 and vascular dementia were 211. Others = 301 patients who had features suggestive of apraxia and agnosias = 69. Among the 69 patients, 65.2% were male and 34.8% female, mean age was 62.5. Disease wise distribution is frontotemporal dementia: 24.64%. Vascular dementia: 21.84%. Alzheimer's disease (AD): 20.29%. Unclassified: 14.49%. Mixed: 14.49%. diffuse Lewy body disease: 2.89%. Cortico basal degeneration syndrome (CBGD): 1.45%. The pattern of reflected image processing abnormality is mirror agnosia: 9 patients. Mirror-image agnosia: 11 patients.
CONCLUSIONS: Patients with AD showed wide variety of apraxias and mirror agnosia. Those with mirror-image agnosia did not show apraxias. In both groups, females were dominated. There is a clear delineation of features in patients with mirror agnosia and mirror-image agnosia. Mirror-image and mirror agnosia in degenerative dementias are not reported in the literature.

Keywords: Apraxias, consciousness, dementia, mirror agnosia, mirror-image agnosia, neural substrate of self-identification


How to cite this article:
Chandra SR, Shivaram S, Isaac TG. Reflected images processing and the diseases of the brain. Int J Health Allied Sci 2019;8:174-9

How to cite this URL:
Chandra SR, Shivaram S, Isaac TG. Reflected images processing and the diseases of the brain. Int J Health Allied Sci [serial online] 2019 [cited 2024 Mar 29];8:174-9. Available from: https://www.ijhas.in/text.asp?2019/8/3/174/263944




  Introduction Top


When a light falls on a surface, it can be absorbed, reflected, or refracted. A ray traveling horizontally toward a reflecting surface of plane mirrors nature if it makes angle at point of incidence of zero, retraces its path. But if there are angulations, it gets reflected. If these lines are traced backward, they meet at a point. However, this meeting is not true or real and the image thus produced is virtual, it is erect and of the same size and same distance as that of the object from the mirror and it is laterally inverted, this is because when we look at our self in a mirror, it appears as a person standing behind the mirror, at the same distance and facing us, and therefore, it is a front to back inversion as mirrors just reflect what is in front of it.[1] We imagine it as left-right reversal, as we believe the image to be real, our self, and not virtual. Mirror images of self are real-time images, have kinesthetic cues, expectation of self-related affective circuits are also activated. Failure in these mechanisms probably causes mirror-image agnosia.

Face recognition is an important tool in social cognition. Identification of faces can be disturbed in various neurological disorders, including strokes and degenerative diseases. Impaired face recognition can take many forms impaired ability to learn or recognize facial identity, facial emotions, differential problems in recognizing famous, familiar and novel faces, and/or impaired ability to recognize one's own reflected image described as mirror self-misidentification in patients with cerebrovascular events or mirror-image agnosia in neurodegeneration.[2],[3],[4]

The most widely accepted model for face processing is the “two route model of face recognition” which was first developed by Bauer (1984) and then modified by Ellis and Young (1990). It involves two pathways – ventral and dorsal.[5] Bauer described the ventral “visual-limbic” pathway as involving a pathway from the visual association cortex via the inferior longitudinal fasciculus to the temporal lobe and then to the adjoining limbic system, with the primary limbic “target” structure being the amygdala. He argued that this ventral pathway subserves emotion, memory, and learning functions that are modality specific to vision. The second pathway, the dorsal “visual-limbic” pathway, involves projections from the visual association cortex to the superior temporal lobe, then to the inferior parietal lobe, with extensive reciprocal connections with the cingulate gyrus, and subsequent connections with the hypothalamus. Bauer stated that the dorsal pathway was responsible for complex attentional functions, emotional arousal, and orientation to stimuli that had motivational significance. Self-reflected faces are different from other faces in the sense that we see our own faces only by looking into a mirror or other self-reflective surfaces and not directly, and therefore, we are familiar with our virtual image only. The ability to recognize self-reflected image is found only in humans and certain nonhuman primates which typically have large brains and show evidence of empathic behavior. Mirrored self-recognition has been understood as an engram of a unique social-cognitive function of a “self.” This notion is consistent with the developmental coemergence of empathic behavior and mirrored self-recognition in human infants. Functional imaging studies reveal that self faces are processed in a right-dominated way though both hemispheres are involved and the probable regions are the left fusiform gyrus, bilateral middle and inferior frontal gyri, and right precuneus.[6]

In humans, face recognition develops very early in the first few months of life, but recognition of self-reflected images develops only by around 18–24 months of age. Persons who are unable to recognize their own faces believe that the reflected face is that of another person and that this person follows them around and appear wherever there is a reflective surface. These self-reflected images can be mistakes for anyone including stranger, thieves, enemies, or Gods. However, the patients with this unique condition retain their understanding of what a mirror is what it is used for and can even recognize the reflection of other people's faces and other objects. This is in contrast to patients with mirror agnosia where patients are unable to locate and objects reflected in a mirror and often looks for objects behind the mirror.[7],[8] Unfortunately, mostly these patients are mistaken as suffering from psychiatric disorders. Some researchers have also been able to create it in normal people by disrupting face processing or mirror knowledge as well as belief evaluation, using hypnotic suggestion.[9]

The first attempts to investigate the neural correlates of self-recognition in nonpatients using modern neuroimaging and psychophysical techniques were conducted by Keenan et al.[10] They developed a reaction time task that measured hand asymmetry when responding to one's own face as opposed to other faces that were either familiar or novel. They found a left-hand advantage when participants were responding to self-faces. A second experiment asked subjects to stop a movie of a morphed face that transitioned between a famous face and self-face when they thought that the image looked more like self. The participants stopped the movies sooner when responding with the left hand, i.e., because of contralateral motor control, they interpreted their findings as reflecting right hemisphere dominance of self-face recognition.[10] With Wada test, injecting sodium pentobarbital into the carotid artery, it was found that when right hemisphere was anesthetized patients were more likely to report that the face was famous and miss self, but when the left hemisphere was anesthetized, they were more likely to report that the face looked like themselves. Right frontal activation in blood-oxygen-level-dependent imaging signal response is reported, while participants saw their own face.[11] Other researchers found bilateral involvement[12] and activation in the left fusiform gyrus, right frontal operculum, and right occipitotemporoparietal junction.[13] The personally familiar faces activated regions in the right occipitotemporoparietal junction as well, suggesting that the right frontal operculum and left fusiform gyrus are critical regions involved in self-face recognition.[13] Mirror neuron network is involved in differentiating self-face from others as per Uddin et al.[14] Four patients reported to have mirror agnosia by Ramachandran et al. suffered from cerebrovascular accidents (CVA) on the right side by computerized tomography scan and lived in a strange new sensory world in certain aspects, and Bisiach and Luzzatti reported it as problem of internally created images not reporting scenes on the left field.

The evidence indicate that the brain possesses all faces and self-faces in relatively unique information processing system. Disorders of these areas might be involved in decline in social cognition, theory of mind, and self-image-related problems in disease states. We, therefore, wanted to study the problems in mirror image recognition in patients with memory problems.


  Patients and Methods Top


Patients with memory complaint attending the neurology and geriatric outpatient department over the last 6 years were scrutinized, in detail with all mandatory workups. Those with mirror agnosia and mirror-image agnosia were isolated and evaluated. Patients with a minimum Hindi Mental Status Examination (HMSE) score of 20 only were evaluated. Visual acuity was checked and corrected. A 45 cm × 45 cm plain mirror was used. It was kept at 30 cm distance from the patient. Their ability to recognize the mirror was confirmed. They were asked to identify reflected objects, ornaments, dress, self-image, image of caregiver, two each of famous, smiling, crying, and novel faces which were taken from simple cards prepared.[2] They were given common objects such as comb, pen, mobile phone, camera, book and were asked to identify. Thereafter, they were asked to use the objects they saw in the mirror, as well as to locate them in real space. Their impressions and reactions about other reflected images, while in front of the mirror, as well as away where recorded. When patients searched for images of objects inside the mirror, they were labeled as mirror agnosia and misinterpreted self-face were labeled as mirror-image agnosia [Table 1].
Table 1: Differences between mirror agnosia and mirror-image agnosia

Click here to view



  Results Top


A total numbers of patients with memory complaints were 512. Those with vascular dementia constituted 211. Others were 301 [Figure 1]. Patients who had features suggestive of apraxia and agnosias were 69. Among the 69 patients, 65.2% were male and 34.8% were female. Their mean age was 62.5 years. Frontotemporal dementia (FTD) constituted 24.64%, whereas vascular dementia – 21.84%, Alzheimer's disease (AD) – 20.29%, unclassified – 14.49%, mixed – 14.49%, diffuse Lewy body disease (DLBD) – 2.89%, and corticobasal ganglionic degeneration – 1.45% [Figure 2]. Among these patients, mirror-image agnosia was seen in 11 patients and mirror agnosia in 9 patients [Table 2] and [Table 3]. None of them had evidence of neglect by history or clock drawing test and line bisection. There were two patients who had both mirror agnosia and mirror-image agnosia.
Figure 1: The distribution of vascular dementia in patients with memory impairment

Click here to view
Figure 2: The illness distribution of patients with memory impairment

Click here to view
Table 2: Features of patients with mirror agnosia

Click here to view
Table 3: Features of patients with mirror-image agnosia

Click here to view


Patients with AD showed wide variety of apraxias and mirror agnosia. Those with mirror-image agnosia did not show apraxias. In both groups, females were dominated. There is clear delineation of features in patients with mirror agnosia and mirror-image agnosia.[15] Neuropsychiatric border zone symptoms are not uncommon in the early stage of cortical dementia. They are often mistaken as not organic, resulting in delay in appropriate investigations and treatments. Their average HMSE is high and therefore is fairly functional at the time of above symptoms. As the disease progresses to global deterioration, these symptoms disappear.[16]

Most patients with mirror-image agnosia have difficulty in identifying their own faces in the mirror. But identify correctly most of the other faces and inanimate objects though few patients showed abnormality. They misidentified their own images as God, thief, friend, loved one, or stranger and reacted accordingly. Their everyday life was affected, as they were pathologically attracted to mirror. Patients broke the mirrors in their homes thinking somebody is inside causing damage to mirrors and themselves. Interestingly, females with AD seem more in this group. Their personal life was affected, as they were consistently considered as psychiatric. All of them received antipsychotic at some point [Videos 1 and 2].[17]


  Discussion Top


Classical mirror agnosia is described in the literature in patients with CVAs. Mirror-image and mirror agnosia in degenerative dementias have only very few case series.[18] Reflected self-image processing defect is reported, as mirrored self-misidentification delusion in CVA', and they carried the delusion with them even while not in front of the mirror.[19],[20] Normal volunteers when they were with two mirrors one showing the direct virtual image and the second one the reflection of the image from the first mirror seen in a mirror kept behind, the person when he was touching some self-body part had a weird feel of extracorporeal existence, as there were mismatches between the visual information registered, proprioceptive inputs from self, and also touch information, and this was mediated by activation in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Blank and colleagues reported the temporoparietal region crucial for producing the feel of one person behind the self. These observations when pursued might lead to some understanding of perception of self and consciousness. Our patients in both groups are unique, as they are described in degenerative dementia [Figure 3]. Mirror-image agnosia is different from the described mirror sign, as our patients imagined the reflected self-image as real images of someone else. They did not carry a delusional thought while away from the mirror. They showed a pleasurable attraction to talk to the image. It disappeared as disease advanced. Mirror agnosia is seen in the company of apraxias mostly unlike mirror-image agnosia and therefore probably involves dorsal tier dysfunction. The mirror-image agnosias are seen in isolation mostly and probably belong to ventral tier dysfunction. Occasional patients with diffuse atrophy show both types of mirror agnosia and mirror-image agnosia. Why females are more in this group with this phenomenon is probably because females have more AD and gender-based differences visuospatial skills show that females are generally less skilled in this aspect, unlike language. In Indian mythology, mirror-image agnosia is depicted in the story of Lord Krishna and Andal [Figure 4] and mirror agnosia in the story of Lord Narasimha when he could not recognize his own image as his own reflection because Lions do not recognize their own reflections.
Figure 3: Right parietal atrophy in T-weighted magnetic resonance imaging sequence in a patient with mirror-image agnosia

Click here to view
Figure 4: Mirror-image agnosia in Indian mythology

Click here to view



  Conclusions Top


Reflected self-images are special, as no individual has ever seen his or her real image. They have only seen the virtual image and matched it with the body schema. Mirror-image processing is a unique function of humans and not seen in animals and young children. All the patients showed parietal lobe atrophy more obvious on the nondominant side. Probably, there are special circuits for reflected image processing in real time and get selectively affected in the presence of neurodegeneration which is the factor operating in these two phenomena reported. The way they interpret the reflected images seems to depend on their premorbid education and occupation. Experiments in these areas are likely to give insights regarding understanding higher consciousness.

Limitation

We have not conducted the tests elaborately using more than one mirror, as our patients were suffering from degenerative dementias. We have taken up a default mode network analysis in some of these patients using functional magnetic resonance imaging to understand if there is up- or downregulation of functional circuits in our patients with these phenomena. Attempts to evaluate with tasks could not be pursued as patients started reacting to the images. Our pursuits in this area have shown these phenomena in patients with  Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease More Details (CJD), FTD, cortico basal degeneration (CBD), and DLBD, which we are in the process of analysis.

Acknowledgment

The authors would like to thank the Director, NIMHANS, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India.

Financial support and sponsorship

Nil.

Conflicts of interest

There are no conflicts of interest.



 
  References Top

1.
Zhong H, Sze WF, Hung YS. Reconstruction from plane mirror reflection. In: Pattern Recognition. 18th International Conference on 20 Aug 2006. Vol. 1. IEEE, ICPR; 2006. p. 715-8.  Back to cited text no. 1
    
2.
Chandra SR, Patwardhan K, Pai AR. Problems of face recognition in patients with behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia. Indian J Psychol Med 2017;39:653-8.  Back to cited text no. 2
[PUBMED]  [Full text]  
3.
Ramachandran VS, Altschuler EL, Hillyer S. Mirror agnosia. Proc R Soc Lond Biol Sci 1997;264:645-7.  Back to cited text no. 3
    
4.
Chandra SR, Issac TG. Neurodegeneration and mirror image agnosia. N Am J Med Sci 2014;6:472-7.  Back to cited text no. 4
    
5.
Burton AM, Bruce V, Johnston RA. Understanding face recognition with an interactive activation model. British Journal of psychology. 1990;81(3):361-80.  Back to cited text no. 5
    
6.
Platek SM, Wathne K, Tierney NG, Thomson JW. Neural correlates of self-face recognition: An effect-location meta-analysis. Brain Res 2008;1232:173-84.  Back to cited text no. 6
    
7.
Connors MH, Coltheart M. On the behaviour of senile dementia patients vis-à-vis the mirror: Ajuriaguerra, Strejilevitch and Tissot (1963). Neuropsychologia 2011;49:1679-92.  Back to cited text no. 7
    
8.
Breen N, Caine D, Coltheart M. Mirrored-self misidentification: Two cases of focal onset dementia. Neurocase 2001;7:239-54.  Back to cited text no. 8
    
9.
Connors MH, Barnier AJ, Coltheart M, Cox RE, Langdon R. Mirrored-self misidentification in the hypnosis laboratory: Recreating the delusion from its component factors. Cogn Neuropsychiatry 2012;17:151-76.  Back to cited text no. 9
    
10.
Keenan JP, Wheeler MA, Gallup GG Jr., Pascual-Leone A. Self-recognition and the right prefrontal cortex. Trends Cogn Sci 2000;4:338-44.  Back to cited text no. 10
    
11.
Platek SM, Keenan JP, Gallup GG Jr., Mohamed FB. Where am I? The neurological correlates of self and other. Brain Res Cogn Brain Res 2004;19:114-22.  Back to cited text no. 11
    
12.
Devue C, Brédart S. The neural correlates of visual self-recognition. Conscious Cogn 2011;20:40-51.  Back to cited text no. 12
    
13.
Sugiura M, Shah NJ, Zilles K, Fink GR. Cortical representations of personally familiar objects and places: Functional organization of the human posterior cingulate cortex. J Cogn Neurosci 2005;17:183-98.  Back to cited text no. 13
    
14.
Uddin LQ, Kaplan JT, Molnar-Szakacs I, Zaidel E, Iacoboni M. Self-face recognition activates a frontoparietal “mirror” network in the right hemisphere: An event-related fMRI study. Neuroimage 2005;25:926-35.  Back to cited text no. 14
    
15.
Chandra SR, Issac TG, Abbas MM. Apraxias in neurodegenerative dementias. Indian J Psychol Med 2015;37:42-7.  Back to cited text no. 15
[PUBMED]  [Full text]  
16.
Chandra SR, Asheeb A, Dash S, Retna N, Ravi Teja KV, Issac TG. Role of electroencephalography in the diagnosis and treatment of neuropsychiatric border zone syndromes. Indian J Psychol Med 2017;39:243-9.  Back to cited text no. 16
[PUBMED]  [Full text]  
17.
Chandra SR, Issac TG. Mirror image agnosia. Indian J Psychol Med 2014;36:400-3.  Back to cited text no. 17
[PUBMED]  [Full text]  
18.
Ramachandran VS, Rogers-Ramachandran D. It's all done with mirrors. Sci Am Mind 2007;18:16-8.  Back to cited text no. 18
    
19.
Bisiach E, Luzzatti C. Unilateral neglect of representational space. Cortex 1978;14:129-33.  Back to cited text no. 19
    
20.
Ramachandran VS, Rogers-Ramachandran D. Synaesthesia in phantom limbs induced with mirrors. Proc Biol Sci 1996;263:377-86.  Back to cited text no. 20
    


    Figures

  [Figure 1], [Figure 2], [Figure 3], [Figure 4]
 
 
    Tables

  [Table 1], [Table 2], [Table 3]



 

Top
 
 
  Search
 
Similar in PUBMED
   Search Pubmed for
   Search in Google Scholar for
 Related articles
Access Statistics
Email Alert *
Add to My List *
* Registration required (free)

 
  In this article
Abstract
Introduction
Patients and Methods
Results
Discussion
Conclusions
References
Article Figures
Article Tables

 Article Access Statistics
    Viewed2366    
    Printed148    
    Emailed0    
    PDF Downloaded165    
    Comments [Add]    

Recommend this journal