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ORIGINAL ARTICLE |
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Year : 2019 | Volume
: 8
| Issue : 4 | Page : 242-246 |
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Knowledge and practice of cardiopulmonary resuscitation among clinical students of a medical school in Kano, Nigeria
Ibrahim Aliyu1, Godpower Chinedu Michael2, Bukar Alhaji Grema2, Zainab F Ibrahim3
1 Department of Paediatrics, Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Bayero University, Kano, Nigeria 2 Department of Family Medicine, Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano, Nigeria 3 Department of Nursing, Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano, Nigeria
Date of Submission | 01-Oct-2018 |
Date of Acceptance | 09-Sep-2019 |
Date of Web Publication | 15-Oct-2019 |
Correspondence Address: Dr. Ibrahim Aliyu Department of Paediatrics, Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Bayero University, Kano Nigeria
Source of Support: None, Conflict of Interest: None | Check |
DOI: 10.4103/ijhas.IJHAS_79_18
INTRODUCTION: Among common determinants of survival include the ability to effectively execute the basic life support drill during resuscitation. Therefore, this study seeks to determine the knowledge of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) among medical trainees who are in their clinical years in our tertiary hospital with the aim of identifying knowledge gaps if any. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study was cross-sectional and was conducted over 12 weeks from April to June 2017. A pretested self-administered questionnaire which was developed in English language was distributed to the subjects. RESULTS: There were 118 male (67.4%) and 57 female (32.6%). Furthermore, 95.4% of the respondents were unaware of circulation, airway and breathing sequence (CAB) in adult resuscitation; and 82.3% were aware of ABC steps in pediatric resuscitation; 52% of the respondents were wrong in adult chest compression to ventilation ratio; similarly, 46.3% were incorrect on pediatric chest compression: ventilation ratio. One hundred and forty-six (83.4%) of the respondents had seen a defibrillator; however, only 3 (2.1%) had ever used it. The knowledge score of the respondents ranged from 0.0 to 55.0; while the mean was 19.4 ± 11.8. One hundred and seventy (97.1%) of the respondents scored <50%. The knowledge score was generally poor for all the classes through this observation was not statistically significant (Fisher's exact test = 1.926, P = 0.449); similarly, the timing of CPR training had no relationship with their knowledge score however this finding was not statistically significant (Fisher's exact test = 3.262,P= 1.00). CONCLUSION: There was poor knowledge of CPR among respondents despite reporting been trained.
Keywords: Basic life support, cardiopulmonary resuscitation, medical students
How to cite this article: Aliyu I, Michael GC, Grema BA, Ibrahim ZF. Knowledge and practice of cardiopulmonary resuscitation among clinical students of a medical school in Kano, Nigeria. Int J Health Allied Sci 2019;8:242-6 |
How to cite this URL: Aliyu I, Michael GC, Grema BA, Ibrahim ZF. Knowledge and practice of cardiopulmonary resuscitation among clinical students of a medical school in Kano, Nigeria. Int J Health Allied Sci [serial online] 2019 [cited 2024 Mar 28];8:242-6. Available from: https://www.ijhas.in/text.asp?2019/8/4/242/269252 |
Introduction | | |
Knowledge of basic life support (BLS) is the bedrock of effective resuscitation; acquiring this very important skill commences from our medical schools. The benefits of BLS cannot be overemphasized; that is why in most western countries, even secondary school students and laymen are taught and engaged on BLS activities.[1] It is estimated that about 500,000 people die annually in the United State of America[2],[3],[4] from cardiac arrest-related events; among common determinants of survival include the ability to effectively execute the BLS drill during resuscitation.[5],[6] Tsegaye et al.,[7] in their reported documented a good knowledge of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) (93.3%) among medical students in Ethiopia; while Suzuki et al.[8] in Japan reported a dismal 20% of respondents with good knowledge of CPR among medical student; however, there is a dearth of studies on CPR among Nigerian medical students. Therefore, this study seeks to determine the knowledge of CPR among medical trainees who are in their clinical years in our tertiary hospital with the aim of identifying knowledge gaps if any; this will assist on overhaul of the medical curriculum.
Materials and Methods | | |
Study area
The study was cross-sectional, carried out in the clinical section of Bayero University Medical School, Kano, Nigeria. This institution is among the third-generation universities in Nigeria while the medical school is the 14th medical school in Nigeria.[9]
Study population
The study population was the 4th, 5th, and 6th year medical students with class population of 129, 93, and 82 students, respectively. This study was conducted over a 12-week from April to June 2017.
Sample size estimation
The sample size will be calculated using the formula:[10]
n = N
1 + N (e) 2
Where
n = desired minimum sample size (when population is <10,000)
N = population size (304 students)
e = level of precision usually set at 5% = 0.05.
Therefore
Therefore, 173 subjects were recruited with proportionate sampling based on the respective class population; from the 4th year, (129/304 × 173 = 73), 5th year (93/304 × 173 = 53), and 6th year (82/304 × 173 = 47) students.
Inclusion criteria
All students in the respective classes were included.
Exclusion criteria
- Students who declined consent
- Students who were absent during the study.
Study design
The study was cross-sectional.
Sampling method
The subjects were recruited using simple random sampling technique.
Study procedure
A pretested self-administered questionnaire which was developed in English language was distributed to the subjects; relevant information on knowledge of BLS; activities in BLS were contained. This was adopted from the American Heart Association (AHA) Guidelines for CPR and emergency cardiac care.[11],[12],[13] The questionnaire was pretested among volunteers in the 4th year to ascertain the internal consistency; and a Cronbach's alpha value of 0.8 was derived. In clinical practice, a minimum score of 84% was defined as adequate knowledge score; this is outlined in the AHA BLS courses, and this was adopted in this study.[11],[12],[13] Knowledge score in medical students has been classified severally[14] but in Bayero University and most Nigerian University; the pass mark in clinical examination is considered as 50%;[15] therefore, the knowledge score was additionally classification into <50% (failure), 50%–<69% (pass mark), and ≥70 (excellent).[15]
Ethical approval
Permission to conduct the study was obtained from the Ethical Committee of Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano, Nigeria.
Data analysis
All data obtained were analyzed using statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) version 16 (SPSS Inc., Chicago Illinois, USA). Qualitative variables such as place and time of training on CPR were summarized as frequencies, percentages while quantitative variables such as age were summarized as means and standard deviations while the Chi-square or Fisher's exact tests were used to compare qualitative variables such as the knowledge score and class, time of training with P < 0.05 being set as statistically significant.
Results | | |
There were 118 male (67.4%) and 57 female (32.6%); male:female ratio of 2:1. Forty-seven (26.9%) were in 600 level, 54 (30.9%) were in 500 level while 74 were in 400 level. Their age ranged from 19 years to 37 years, and the mean age was 24.7 ± 2.8 years. One hundred and forty-six (83.4%) of the respondents had heard of CPR, while 29 (16.6%) had not.
Most respondents (73.3%) had their training on CPR in <1 year before the commencement of this study, and majority had their exposure to CPR at the hospital. Furthermore, 95.4% of the respondents were unaware of CAB in adult resuscitation; however, 82.3% were aware of ABC steps in pediatric resuscitation [Table 1]. One hundred and thirty-six (93.2%) of the respondents reported that they benefitted from the training, while 10 (6.8%) did not. Thirty-two (18.3%) of the respondents were aware of a single rescuer resuscitation while 143 (81.7%) were not. | Table 1: Training of respondents on the steps in adult and childhood resuscitation
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Majority of respondents were not sure (56.3%) of the steps in single-rescuer resuscitation; however, 52.0% of the respondents were wrong in adult chest compression and ventilation ratio; similarly, 46.3% and 50.3% were incorrect and not sure of pediatric chest compression: ventilation ratio, respectively. One hundred and forty-six (83.4%) of the respondents had seen a defibrillator, while 29 (16.6%) had not; however, only 3 (2.1%) had ever used it while 143 (97.9%) had not. The knowledge score of the respondents ranged from 0.0 to 55.0; while the mean was 19.4 ± 11.8. One hundred and seventy (97.1%) of the respondents scored <50% while only 5 (2.9%) of them scored between 50% and 69%. However, none had up to 84% [Table 2]. | Table 2: Knowledge of the procedure in single rescuer resuscitation, chest and ventilation
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The knowledge score was generally poor for all the classes with majority scoring <50% and none scoring up to 70%; though this observation was not statistically significant (Fisher's exact test = 1.926, P = 0.449) [Table 3]; similarly, the timing of CPR training had no relationship with their knowledge score because irrespective of the time of training most scored <50%; however, this finding was not statistically significant (Fisher's exact test = 3.262, P = 1.00). | Table 3: Comparing the classes of the respondent, the time of training on cardiopulmonary resuscitation and knowledge score
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Only a single 400 level was aware of CAB in adult resuscitation, while majority of them were aware of ABC of resuscitation in children; though these were not statistically significant (Fisher's exact test = 2.173, P = 0.952 and Fisher's exact test = 5.930, P = 0.131, respectively), [Table 4]. Furthermore, most of the respondents in all the classes were either not sure or incorrect in the ratio of chest compression to ventilation in both adults and children; and these observations were statistically significant (χ2 = 24.964, df = 4, P = 0.00; Fisher's exact test = 69.258, P = 0.00). | Table 4: Comparing the classes of the respondents with knowledge of resuscitation
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Discussion | | |
Despite that 73.3% of respondents in this study reported undertaking training on CPR barely <1 year before commencing this research, there was poor knowledge of CPR and poor clinical practice of CPR among respondents; this observation was similar to that reported by Mendhe et al.,[14] and Suzuki et al.[9] However, Tsegaye et al.[7] reported that 98% of respondents in Ethiopia had good knowledge of BLS. Furthermore, this finding in our study which showed that 73.3% of respondents had taken a course on BLS differed from those of Zaheer and Haque;[16] and Okonta and Okoh[15] who reported only 14.7% and 26% of their respondents, respectively, have taken a course on BLS. In spite of this disparity, the knowledge base was generally poor in all the study populations. This observation was similarly reported by Olajumoke et al.[17] and Boyde et al.[18] Most respondents were not aware of recent changes in CPR such as the change from ABC to CAB in adult BLS; this observation was also reported by Sadoh et al.[19] who documented that 6 years after a change in the AHA in 2005 most health-care professionals (88.3%) were unaware of the changes in AHA 2005 guideline on CPR. This highlights the need for lecture topics to be in tune with current concepts; and teachers should constantly review information delivered to students, and avoid recirculation of old topics.
Most respondents in our study had seen a defibrillator in their various departments, but majority of them (97.8%) had never operated any; this observation was similar to observations of Moura et al.,[20] in their study on Brazilian students, they documented that 83.8% of their respondents had never operated a defibrillator. This figure is frightening, and if not addressed, it may result in producing poorly trained and incompetent health professionals. Promes et al.,[21] in their study reported that 36% of the American student were not involved in CPR maneuvers, such as cardioversion. Unlike in Moura et al.'s[20] report (28.11%); 48% of our respondents gave correct answers on the required ratio of chest compression to ventilation during CPR procedure.
All the clinical classes in our study had poor knowledge of CPR; this observation was different from that of Zamir et al.[22] who reported increasing knowledge of CPR among medical students from the 2nd year up to the final year. Tsegaye et al.,[7] Chandrasekaran et al.,[23] and Okonta and Okoh[15] also reported similar experiences among students in Ethiopia, India, and Nigeria, respectively; therefore, a good curriculum, good clinical exposure, and repeated hands-on training improves the knowledge base and clinical skills on CPR. Hence, we need to improve our teaching methodology. Owojuyigbe et al.[24] reported the benefits of efficient training on BLS among dental students with increasing posttest mean score; however, repeated training and retraining are necessary to ensure the confidence required in performing CPR during real-life situation. The AHA guideline identified the need for frequent recertification; it stated that even two-yearly recertification was suboptimal to achieve the desired clinical.
Limitation
This study assessed the theoretical knowledge base of the respondents; however, the result was dismally poor which would have translated to a poor practice score.
Recommendation
We also advocate the recommendation of Pande et al.;[25] BLS training should start from the 1st year medical training with hands-on simulation training inclusive; and this should be reinforced in all the successive classes; this will improve their competence and their confidence of performing CPR. If possible this training should start from secondary schools through the active participation of the education sector; this will form a solid knowledge base which should improve the outcome of out of hospital CPR.
Conclusion | | |
There was poor knowledge of CPR despite majority of respondents reporting having been trained on BLS within 1 year before the commencement of this study. Furthermore, few respondents were actively participating in CPR in their clinical programs; and the class of the respondents had no relationship with improving knowledge score.
Financial support and sponsorship
Nil.
Conflicts of interest
There are no conflicts of interest.
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[Table 1], [Table 2], [Table 3], [Table 4]
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