Home Print this page Email this page
Users Online: 5300
Home About us Editorial board Search Ahead of print Current issue Archives Submit article Instructions Subscribe Contacts Login 


 
 Table of Contents  
REVIEW ARTICLE
Year : 2020  |  Volume : 9  |  Issue : 4  |  Page : 322-328

Nanoparticle-based dry Powder Inhaler-Based Approach for Corona Virus Disease-2019 Treatment: An Update


1 Department of Pharmacology, Government Pharmacy Institute, Agam Kuan, Patna, Bihar, India
2 Department of P.G. Studies and Research in Chemistry and Pharmacy, Rani Durgavati University, Jabalpur, India
3 Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Kailash Narayan Patel College of Pharmacy, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
4 Department of Pharmaceutics, Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University Madhya Pradesh, Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh, India

Date of Submission05-May-2020
Date of Decision12-May-2020
Date of Acceptance07-Jul-2020
Date of Web Publication15-Oct-2020

Correspondence Address:
Dr. Neeraj Mishra
Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University Madhya Pradesh, Maharajpura, Gwalior - 474 005, Madhya Pradesh
India
Login to access the Email id

Source of Support: None, Conflict of Interest: None


DOI: 10.4103/ijhas.IJHAS_93_20

Rights and Permissions
  Abstract 


Corona virus disease-2019 (COVID 19) is a respiratory disorder caused by bunches of serious respiratory disorders (i.e., coughing, fever, and breathing problems) like severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), and the 79% homology as well as gene sequences are basically similar to SARS-CoV, thus the name of COVID-19 also be distinguish as SARS-CoV-2 on January 7th. Nanoparticles may also improve drug pulmonary efficacy by enhancing residence time, as a consequence the efficient mucus complexation between mucin and nanoparticles caused increment the rate of permeation and tissue uptake and displayed sustainable release property. Advances in device technology have led to the development of more efficient delivery systems capable of delivering larger doses and finer particles into the lung. As more efficient pulmonary delivery devices and sophisticated formulations become available, physicians, and health professionals will have a choice of a wide variety of device and formulation combinations that will target-specific cells or regions of the lung, avoid the lung's clearance mechanisms and be retained within the lung for longer periods. Dry powder inhalers (DPIs) exhibit many unique advantages that have contributed to the incredible growth in the number of DPI pharmaceutical products. To improve the performance, there are a relatively large number of DPI devices available for different inhalable powder formulations. The present review different type of nanoaparticles and DPIs used for the treatment of COVID 19 infections.

Keywords: Corona virus disease-2019, dry powder inhalers, nanoparticles, pulmonary delivery


How to cite this article:
Ajay K, Garg AK, Garg S, Bhatt S, Mishra N. Nanoparticle-based dry Powder Inhaler-Based Approach for Corona Virus Disease-2019 Treatment: An Update. Int J Health Allied Sci 2020;9:322-8

How to cite this URL:
Ajay K, Garg AK, Garg S, Bhatt S, Mishra N. Nanoparticle-based dry Powder Inhaler-Based Approach for Corona Virus Disease-2019 Treatment: An Update. Int J Health Allied Sci [serial online] 2020 [cited 2024 Mar 28];9:322-8. Available from: https://www.ijhas.in/text.asp?2020/9/4/322/298125




  Introduction Top


Coronaviruses are a large group of virus infections (i.e., coughing, fever, and breathing problems) that belongs Coronaviridae family. They were named for the crown-like spikes on their surface and were accounted for to cause infections in people and few animal species with a wide range of seriousness. Until this point in time, four fundamental subgroupings of coronaviruses have been recognized named alpha, beta, gamma, and delta.[1] Considered one of the biggest among known RNA infections, the genome size of coronaviruses, which are wrapped with a positive-sense single-abandoned RNA genome and a nucleocapsid of helical balance, ranges from roughly 27–34 kilobases with a width of around 125 nm.[2] The first The first known severe illness in humans caused by a coronavirus emerged in 2003 in China and resulted in the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) epidemic.[3]

The second episode of serious disease happened in 2012 in Saudi Arabia and prompted the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS).[4] An epic strain of coronavirus causing serious sickness was as of late revealed in December 2019 in Wuhan, China [Figure 1]. On February 11, 2020, gave the sickness an official name: SARS-CoV-2 or Corona virus disease-2019 (COVID-19). The infection has raised world concern as a result of its high transmission rate just as high versatility and mortality.[5],[6] Individual-to-individual transmission of SARS-CoV-2 is relied on to happen chiefly by means of respiratory beads delivered during hacking, wheezing and talking, and to a great extent looks like the spread of flu.[7],[8] The period among contamination and manifestation beginning may run from 2 to 14 days.[9],[10] Nonetheless, Van Doremalen et al. detailed, under exploratory conditions, that SARS-CoV-2 mist concentrates can stay reasonable for as long as 3 h in pressurized canned products, 4 h on copper, 24 h on cardboard and 2–3 days on plastic and tempered steel.[11] This article will initially survey the proposed regular medications that are presently under broad research and clinical preliminaries. At long last, an uncommon center will be given to the advancement of nanoparticles-based treatment modalities that are anticipated to extensively improve COVID-19 treatment.
Figure 1: (a) Structure of corona virus disease-2019 (created by Biorander.com); (b) Genomic features of corona virus disease-2019 (N, S and ACE-2 domain); (c) Transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome-Cov-2[12]

Click here to view


Current therapeutic strategies

A couple of ongoing investigations distributed in science give some insight towards understanding what makes SARS-CoV-2 so infective. Aside from understanding the science of the infection, some uncommon advances are expected to limit the disease in the flow situation. SARS-CoV 2, being an RNA infection, can be repressed by drugs recently utilized for other RNA infections, for example, the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). Furthermore, a mix of medications including chloroquine, a powerful medication used to treat intestinal sickness, has additionally been proposed for clinical utilization. Treatment strategy against COVID-19 illustrate in [Figure 2]. It is estimated that this blend can keep the infection from official to heme. [Table 1] represents the list of companies and their drug/vaccine product formulation against COVID-19. [Figure 3] represents the drug delivery and targeting features via DPI for COVID-19.[13]
Figure 2: Treatment strategy for corona virus disease-2019[14]

Click here to view
Table 1: Some companies currently developing drugs/vaccines against corona virus disease-2019[13]

Click here to view
Figure 3: Delivery and targeting features of dry powder inhaler for the treatment of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-CoV-2[27]

Click here to view


Vaccine development

For the advancement of an immunization against SARS-CoV 2, a comparative methodology is getting looked at by Serum Institute of India and Sanofi Pasteur, France. An elective system is added to create antibodies against the spike proteins of the infection, which is being trailed by Moderna Inc., MA, USA. Furthermore, a German Enterprise, CureVac, intends to plan an RNA-based immunization against the infection. In this methodology, RNA that codes for a portion of the viral proteins is brought into the body. This RNA can be utilized to create viral proteins, against which the body would then be able to orchestrate antibodies, therefore getting ready for the infection's assault.[13] Every one of these investigations is under various periods of clinical preliminaries [Table 1]. These antibodies may open up sooner rather than later, however, the time it will take for these to arrive at the market relies on the adequacy and accomplishment in every one of the three periods of clinical preliminaries.[13]


  Proposed Conventional Treatments Top


As of now, there are no approved antibodies or explicit antiviral medicines for COVID-19. Most medicines right now utilized including cardiovascular/hemodynamic or respiratory are strong, that is, they bolster patients experiencing the infection. To build up an effective treatment for COVID-19, one must see well the system of activity of the infection. Looking like SARS and MERS coronaviruses, this novel SARS-CoV-2 uses a “Lock and Key”system in which the angiotensin changing over compound II goes about as a “key”to enter specific cells holding its “lock.”[12] Additional potential inhibitors to battle COVID-19 incorporate the reciprocal utilization of HIV protease inhibitors, for example, Lopinavir and Ritonavir.[15] Remdesivir is an affirmed HIV turn around transcriptase inhibitor that has indicated wide range exercises against RNA coronaviruses in cell societies and creature models.[16],[17] Holshue. et al. detailed the effective recuperation of a SARS-CoV-2 tainted patient accepting intravenous organization of Remdesivir with no unfriendly occasions.[18] To additionally evaluate its wellbeing and viability, a few stage 3 clinical preliminaries were started in patients with COVID-19 (NCT04292899, NCT04292730, and NCT04252664). A convention including the utilization of Hydroxy-Chloroquine fortified by azithromycin uncovered empowering results for effective treatment of COVID-19.[19],[20] Besides, chloroquine can in a roundabout way act by diminishing the creation of genius fiery cytokines as well as by actuating hostile to SARS-CoV-2 CD8+ T-cells.[21] Cortegiani et al. have as of late inspected the viability and security of chloroquine for the treatment of COVID-19.[22]


  Nanoaprticles Based Dry Powder Inhaler for Covid-19 Treatment Top


DPIs provide better physicochemical stability and deep lungs deposition using the patient's respiration. In addition, they do not require cold chain storage or reconstitution of powders into solutions for nebulization,[23],[24] based dry powder inhaler (DPI) with better targeting approach. The growth in NDDS has already boosted the use of DPI for a variety of therapeutic aliments. A lot of novel drug delivery systems have been employed to increase the efficacy of DPI. The development of NDDS based DPIs has the potential to overcome issues associated with carrier as a critical component of the formulation. A particulate-based drug delivery system is a promising alternative approach, which depends on modulating the aerodynamic diameter of drug carriers to circumvent the alveoli macrophage and simultaneously deliver and release the drug into the deep lungs [Figure 3]. Improvement in this lung bioavailability can be attributed to nano-size and lipid vesicular delivery system. Maximum lung deposition and reduced mucus clearance can be achieved by preparing nanoparticles smaller than 500 nm.[25] Furthermore, it was also demonstrated that particle size smaller than 260 nm will bypass the macrophage.[26] Lipophilic and bioadhesive properties of NLC extend residence in the lung while sustained release of the entrapped drug from such lipid matrices prolongs therapeutic effect and inhalation dosing thereby improving patient compliance.[27]

Pulmonary delivery through nanoparticles

Pulmonary delivery of drug has become an attractive target and of tremendous scientific and biomedical interest in the health-care research area as the lung is capable of absorbing pharmaceuticals either for local deposition or for systemic delivery. The respiratory epithelial cells have a prominent role in the regulation of airway tone and the production of airway lining fluid. In this respect, growing attention has been given to the potential of a pulmonary route as a noninvasive administration for systemic and local delivery of therapeutic agents.

In the most recent decade, theranostic nanoparticles have risen as another field of medication joining explicitly focused on treatment dependent on symptomatic devices for the cutting edge treatment of a few ailments. All the more explicitly, broad endeavors have concentrated on the advancement of an NP-based intranasal conveyance framework as a compelling and safe instrument to convey a few remedial moieties (e.g., immunization, drugs, siRNA, peptide, antibodies, and so forth). Critically, NP conveyance frameworks offer various advantages for mucosal organization and incorporate (i) securing the remedial moieties against compound debasement; (ii) broadening their living arrangement and discharge time; (iii) guaranteeing their co-conveyance with adjuvants; (iv) expanding the grouping of conjugated materials in target cells; (v) offering receptor-ligand interceded focusing on conveyance; and (vi) potentiating the invulnerable framework simultaneously.[28] Mucosal treatment is profoundly wanted for irresistible sicknesses since most pathogens start their contaminations at the human mucosal surface. The enormous surface region and rich hair-like plexuses additionally take into account their snappy ingestion. These organization courses have just been evaluated for inoculation against respiratory infections, for example, flu and coronaviruses.[29] A few examinations were performed to distinguish the ideal attributes of the theranostic nanoparticles for aspiratory intranasal organization and were as of late investigated.[30] Novochizol™ nanoparticle vaporized detailing can be utilized to convey and bind any potential enemy of COVID-19 medication to the lungs of intensely sick patients. Bioavanta-Bosti has quite recently finished the improvement of a 48-h Novochizol TM-based assembling procedure to produce intra-pneumonic medication conveyance details appropriate for treating COVID-19 patients. A few sorts of theranostic nanoparticles were proposed as promising for the intranasal organization. They can be partitioned into 3 general classes: organic inorganic, and virus like nanoparticles (VLNP).


  Organic Nanoparticles Top


Lipid nanoparticles

Nanoparticles produced using lipids are especially appealing for biomedical applications attributable to their upgraded biocompatibility conferred by the lipid material. Among the different lipid-based definitions adjusted for intranasal conveyance are liposomes, which are round containers having an external phospholipid bilayer and an internal hydrophilic center intended to hold watery restorative operators. Liposomes offer various focal points including an effective embodiment of the conjugated operators and straightforward change to additionally upgrade their mucosal and cell take-up and improve their biocompatibility.[31] Like some other sort of nanoparticles, surface charge assumes a significant job in influencing the pharmacokinetic properties of liposomes. Truth be told, contemplates carried on cationic liposomes following intranasal organization indicated higher assimilation and improved bioavailability contrasted with their contrarily charged partners. This is because of the negative charge of the mucosal layers prompting electrostatic fascination of these decidedly charged nanoparticles just as lessening their freedom by the mucosal cilia.[32]

Polymer nanoparticles

Polymer-based nanoparticles were accounted for as an alluring conveyance framework basically because of the chance of fitting their properties and capacities to a particular application.[33] Out of the numerous plans of polymer nanoparticles, those made of Chitosan pulled specifically enthusiasm for the intranasal organization because of their nontoxic nature, biocompatibility, biodegradability into nonharmful items in vivo, capacity to open up tight intersections between epithelial cells, and capacity to be handily altered into wanted shapes and sizes.

Dendrimer nanoparticles

A dendrimer is radially symmetric atoms with all around characterized, homogeneous, and monodisperse structures. Like Polymer, Dendrimer NP can be synthesized in profoundly stretched 3D systems with a more noteworthy capacity of joining numerous practical gatherings on their surface and typifying nonwater dissolvable, hydrophobic remedial specialists in their center[34],[35] Chahal et al. created dendrimer NP embodying an antigen-communicating replicon mRNA against deadly exposures to a few fatal pathogens, including Ebola, H1N1 flu, and Toxoplasma gondii pathogens.[36] Nandy et al. detailed the improvement of Poly-L-lysine-based dendrimeric nanoparticles with anionic naphthalene disulfonate surface that can obstruct the passage of HIV infections by an official to the viral envelope protein gp120 and forestalling the development of the CD4-gp120 complex.[37]

Inorganic nanoparticles

Designed inorganic nanoparticles are drawing in exceptional interests because of their capacity to not just go about as ordinary conveyance frameworks to proficiently convey stacked load to target locales, yet in addition to permit improvements responsive qualities and the inherent ability of certain sorts (e.g., Attractive or Gold Nanoparticles) to be checked followingin vivo organization to the human body utilizing noninvasive clinical imaging.[38],[39] Gold nanoparticles can be effectively adjusted and tweaked for intranasal conveyance and can have the benefit of being promptly diffused into lymph hubs accordingly initiating CD8+ (T-executioner) cell-interceded insusceptible reaction.[40],[41] Besides, Gold nanoparticles, inferable from their high nuclear number, can likewise work as astounding exceptionally steady and biocompatible complexity operator for X-beam based clinical imaging, particularly in computed tomography (CT).[42] Silver nanoparticles inward breath conveyance for beginning time treatment of COVID 19 was exhibited by Oron Zachar, 2020. The strategy can serve in medical clinic escalated care units as another standard of care prophylactic treatment for ventilator gained pneumonia.[43]


  Virus-Like and Self-Assembling Protein Nanoparticles Top


VLNP are circle formed nanoparticles made out of a few particles with sizes extending somewhere in the range of 20 and 200 nm. These nanoparticles result from the self-assembling of proteins got from viral capsids. They were presented as alluring nanomaterials as they don't contain hereditary material yet have the capacity for precisely emulating the genuine infection or antigen as far as structure and antigenic determinant(s). This makes these nanomaterials exceptionally appealing to antigen introducing cells that can be promptly recognized and therefore can trigger an invulnerable reaction.[44] Studies performed following the intranasal conveyance of VLNP got from the flu infection lead to improving the resistance against this infection by activating noteworthy kinds of invulnerable reactions (cell and humoral). Subsequently, they go about as an antibody that can forestall further contaminations (e.g., flu infection) by delivering an essentially high measure of antibodies and T-cells.[45],[46],[47],[48] Self-collecting protein nanoparticles (SAPN) are a novel kind of NP got from the oligomerization of monomeric proteins with a dimeter extending from 20 to 100 nm. Self-get together is characterized as the independent association of particles into a progressively steady structure by utilizing noncovalent holding components to accomplish harmony.[49],[50] Kanekiyo et al. announced the union of SAPN that evoke more extensive and progressively compelling insusceptibility (e.g., 10 times higher hemagglutination restraint immunizer titers) than conventional flu immunizations following intranasal vaccination, and subsequently give a promising stage to create more extensive antibody security against rising infections and different pathogens.[51],[52]


  Conclusions and Future Perspectives Top


The exceptionally infectious novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 that has contaminated so undeniably in excess of 2.2 million individuals in 210 nations set off an uncommon monetary emergency as an outcome of constrained lockdown to restrain the transmission and put the lives of many tainted individuals at high hazard far and wide. COVID-19 patients are mostly made to do with steady consideration that incorporates cardiovascular/hemodynamic or respiratory methods. While there is as of now no particular treatment for COVID-19, a few medications endorsed for different signs are being researched in clinical preliminaries. These medications depend on the organization of specialists that either obstruct the infection section inside the host cells halting infection replication and contamination of different cells or possibly hinder protease movement (e.g., lopinavir/ritonavir in antiviral medications). A few kinds of theranostic nanoparticles that can be partitioned in 3 general classes natural (e.g., lipid, polymer, dendrimer), inorganic (e.g., gold), and infection like or self-collecting protein nanoparticles, were explored for the intranasal organization. The shape, size and surface charge of the structured nanocarriers are considered as vital elements that ought to be mulled over when advanced for intranasal conveyance and along these lines assume a significant job in the accomplishment of the treatment. Conveyed by means of intranasal route, biocompatible theranostic nanoparticles would thus be able to be an exceptionally encouraging way to deal with a battle against this novel SARSCoV-2 as recently explored against different viral diseases including SARS or MERS coronaviruses utilizing a few methodologies.

Financial support and sponsorship

Nil.

Conflicts of interest

There are no conflicts of interest.



 
  References Top

1.
Cui J, Li F, Shi ZL. Origin and evolution of pathogenic coronaviruses. Nat Rev Microbiol 2019;17:181-92.  Back to cited text no. 1
    
2.
Fehr AR, Perlman S. Coronaviruses: An overview of their replication and pathogenesis. Methods Mol Biol 2015;1282:1-23.  Back to cited text no. 2
    
3.
Drosten C, Günther S, Preiser W, van der Werf S, Brodt HR, Becker S, et al. Identification of a novel coronavirus in patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome. N Engl J Med 2003;348:1967-76.  Back to cited text no. 3
    
4.
Zaki AM, van Boheemen S, Bestebroer TM, Osterhaus AD, Fouchier RA. Isolation of a novel coronavirus from a man with pneumonia in Saudi Arabia. N Engl J Med 2012;367:1814-20.  Back to cited text no. 4
    
5.
Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, Ren L, Zhao J, Hu Y, et al. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet 2020;395:497-506.  Back to cited text no. 5
    
6.
World Health Organization. Coronavirus Disease (COVID-2019) Situation Reports. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2020.  Back to cited text no. 6
    
7.
Wang N, Shang J, Jiang S, Du L. Subunit vaccines against emerging pathogenic human coronaviruses. Front Microbiol 2020;11:298.  Back to cited text no. 7
    
8.
Zhao W, Zhong Z, Xie X, Yu Q, Liu J. CT scans of patients with 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19) pneumonia. Theranostics 2020;10:4606-13.  Back to cited text no. 8
    
9.
Liu F, Zhang Q, Huang C, Shi C, Wang L, Shi N, et al. CT quantification of pneumonia lesions in early days predicts progression to severe illness in a cohort of COVID-19 patients. Theranostics 2020;10:5613-22.  Back to cited text no. 9
    
10.
Rothan HA, Byrareddy SN. The epidemiology and pathogenesis of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak. J Autoimmun 2020;109:102433.  Back to cited text no. 10
    
11.
Van Doremalen N, Morris D, Holbrook M. Aerosol and surface stability of SARS-CoV-2 as compared with SARS-CoV-1. New Eng Journal Med 2020:382;1564-7. doi: 10.1056/NEJMc2004973.  Back to cited text no. 11
    
12.
Yi Y, Lagniton PNP, Ye S, Li E, Xu RH. COVID-19: What has been learned and to be learned about the novel coronavirus disease. Int J Biol Sci 2020;16:1753-66.  Back to cited text no. 12
    
13.
Sinha DK. COVID19: Vaccine development and therapeutic strategies. Health Med Res 2020. Available from: https://indiabioscience.org/columns/general-science/covid-19-vaccine-development-and-therapeutic-strategies. [Last accessed on 2020 Aug 02].  Back to cited text no. 13
    
14.
Misra DP, Agarwal V, Gasparyan AY, Zimba O. Rheumatologists' perspective on coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) and potential therapeutic targets. Clin Rheumatol 2020;39:2055-62.  Back to cited text no. 14
    
15.
Li G, De Clercq E. Therapeutic options for the 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV). Nat Rev Drug Discov 2020;19:149-50.  Back to cited text no. 15
    
16.
Wang M, Cao R, Zhang L, Yang X, Liu J, Xu M, et al. Remdesivir and chloroquine effectively inhibit the recently emerged novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in vitro. Cell Res 2020;30:269-71.  Back to cited text no. 16
    
17.
de Wit E, Feldmann F, Cronin J, Jordan R, Okumura A, Thomas T, et al. Prophylactic and therapeutic remdesivir (GS-5734) treatment in the rhesus macaque model of MERS-CoV infection. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020;117:6771-6.  Back to cited text no. 17
    
18.
Holshue ML, DeBolt C, Lindquist S, Lofy KH, Wiesman J, Bruce H, et al. First case of 2019 novel coronavirus in the United States. N Engl J Med 2020;382:929-36.  Back to cited text no. 18
    
19.
Savarino A, Boelaert JR, Cassone A, Majori G, Cauda R. Effects of chloroquine on viral infections: An old drug against today's diseases? Lancet Infect Dis 2003;3:722-7.  Back to cited text no. 19
    
20.
Simmons G, Bertram S, Glowacka I, Steffen I, Chaipan C, Agudelo J, et al. Different host cell proteases activate the SARS-coronavirus spike-protein for cell-cell and virus-cell fusion. Virology 2011;413:265-74.  Back to cited text no. 20
    
21.
Devaux CA, Rolain JM, Colson P, Raoult D. New insights on the antiviral effects of chloroquine against coronavirus: What to expect for COVID-19? Int J Antimicrob Agents 2020;55:105938.  Back to cited text no. 21
    
22.
Cortegiani A, Ingoglia G, Ippolito M, Giarratano A, Einav S. A systematic review on the efficacy and safety of chloroquine for the treatment of COVID-19. J Crit Care 2020;57:279-83.  Back to cited text no. 22
    
23.
Winkler J, Hochhaus G, Derendorf H. How the lung handles drugs: Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of inhaled corticosteroids. Proc Am Thorac Soc 2004;1:356-63.  Back to cited text no. 23
    
24.
Al-Hallak MH, Sarfraz MK, Azarmi S, Roa WH, Finlay WH, Löbenberg R. Pulmonary delivery of inhalable nanoparticles: Dry powder inhalers. Ther Deliv 2011;2:1313-24.  Back to cited text no. 24
    
25.
Jaques PA, Kim CS. Measurement of total lung deposition of inhaled ultrafine particles in healthy men and women. Inhal Toxicol 2000;12:715-31.  Back to cited text no. 25
    
26.
Lauweryns JM, Baert JH. Alveolar clearance and the role of the pulmonary lymphatics. Am Rev Respir Dis 1977;115:625-83.  Back to cited text no. 26
    
27.
Patlolla RR, Chougule M, Patel AR, Jackson T, Tata PN, Singh M. Formulation, characterization and pulmonary deposition of nebulized celecoxib encapsulated nanostructured lipid carriers. J Control Rel 2010;144:233-41.  Back to cited text no. 27
    
28.
Alshweiat A, Ambrus R, Csoka I. Intranasal nanoparticulate systems as alternative route of drug delivery. Curr Med Chem 2019;26:6459-92.  Back to cited text no. 28
    
29.
Al-Halifa S, Gauthier L, Arpin D, Bourgault S, Archambault D. Nanoparticle-based vaccines against respiratory viruses. Front Immunol 2019;10:22.  Back to cited text no. 29
    
30.
Marasini N, Kaminskas LM. Subunit-based mucosal vaccine delivery systems for pulmonary delivery Are they feasible? Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2019;45:882-94.  Back to cited text no. 30
    
31.
Khan AA, Allemailem KS, Almatroodi SA, Almatroudi A, Rahmani AH. Recent strategies towards the surface modification of liposomes: An innovative approach for different clinical applications. 3 Biotech 2020;10:163.  Back to cited text no. 31
    
32.
Law SL, Huang KJ, Chou VH, Cherng JY. Enhancement of nasal absorption of calcitonin loaded in liposomes. J Liposome Res 2001;11:165-74.  Back to cited text no. 32
    
33.
Kamaly N, Xiao Z, Valencia PM, Radovic-Moreno AF, Farokhzad OC. Targeted polymeric therapeutic nanoparticles: Design, development and clinical translation. Chem Soc Rev 2012;41:2971-3010.  Back to cited text no. 33
    
34.
Sonaje K, Chuang EY, Lin KJ, Yen TC, Su FY, Tseng MT, et al. Opening of epithelial tight junctions and enhancement of paracellular permeation by chitosan: Microscopic, ultrastructural, and computed-tomographic observations. Mol Pharm 2012;9:1271-9.  Back to cited text no. 34
    
35.
Kim Y, Park EJ, Na DH. Recent progress in dendrimer-based nanomedicine development. Arch Pharm Res 2018;41:571-82.  Back to cited text no. 35
    
36.
Chahal JS, Khan OF, Cooper CL, McPartlan JS, Tsosie JK, Tilley LD, et al. Dendrimer-RNA nanoparticles generate protective immunity against lethal Ebola, H1N1 influenza, and Toxoplasma gondii challenges with a single dose. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016;113:E4133-42.  Back to cited text no. 36
    
37.
Nandy B, Saurabh S, Sahoo AK, Dixit NM, Maiti PK. The SPL7013 dendrimer destabilizes the HIV-1 gp120-CD4 complex. Nanoscale 2015;7:18628-41.  Back to cited text no. 37
    
38.
Yoon HY, Jeon S, You DG, Park JH, Kwon IC, Koo H, et al. Inorganic nanoparticles for image-guided therapy. Bioconjug Chem 2017;28:124-34.  Back to cited text no. 38
    
39.
Bayda S, Hadla M, Palazzolo S, Riello P, Corona G, Toffoli G, et al. Inorganic nanoparticles for cancer therapy: A transition from lab to clinic. Curr Med Chem 2018;25:4269-303.  Back to cited text no. 39
    
40.
Marques Neto LM, Kipnis A, Junqueira-Kipnis AP. Role of metallic nanoparticles in vaccinology: Implications for infectious disease vaccine development. Front Immunol 2017;8:239.  Back to cited text no. 40
    
41.
Salazar-González JA, González-Ortega O, Rosales-Mendoza S. Gold nanoparticles and vaccine development. Expert Rev Vaccines 2015;14:1197-211.  Back to cited text no. 41
    
42.
Iranpour P, Ajamian M, Safavi A, Iranpoor N, Abbaspour A, Javanmardi S. Synthesis of highly stable and biocompatible gold nanoparticles for use as a new X-ray contrast agent. J Mater Sci Mater Med 2018;29:48.  Back to cited text no. 42
    
43.
Zachar O. Formulations for covid-19 early stage treatment via silver nanoparticles inhalation delivery at home and hospital. SciOpen Preprint 2020.  Back to cited text no. 43
    
44.
Kushnir N, Streatfield SJ, Yusibov V. Virus-like particles as a highly efficient vaccine platform: Diversity of targets and production systems and advances in clinical development. Vaccine 2012;31:58-83.  Back to cited text no. 44
    
45.
Lee YT, Ko EJ, Lee Y, Kim KH, Kim MC, Lee YN, et al. Intranasal vaccination with M2e5x virus-like particles induces humoral and cellular immune responses conferring cross-protection against heterosubtypic influenza viruses. PLoS One 2018;13:e0190868.  Back to cited text no. 45
    
46.
Jeevanandam J, Pal K, Danquah MK. Virus-like nanoparticles as a novel delivery tool in gene therapy. Biochimie 2019;157:38-47.  Back to cited text no. 46
    
47.
Wang Y, Wang Y, Kang N, Liu Y, Shan W, Bi S, et al. Construction and Immunological Evaluation of CpG-Au@HBc Virus-Like Nanoparticles as a Potential Vaccine. Nanoscale Res Lett 2016;11:338.  Back to cited text no. 47
    
48.
Shukla S, Steinmetz NF. Virus-based nanomaterials as positron emission tomography and magnetic resonance contrast agents: From technology development to translational medicine. Wiley Interdiscip Rev Nanomed Nanobiotechnol 2015;7:708-21.  Back to cited text no. 48
    
49.
Whitesides GM, Grzybowski B. Self-assembly at all scales. Science 2002;295:2418.  Back to cited text no. 49
    
50.
Diaz D, Care A, Sunna A. Bioengineering Strategies for Protein-Based Nanoparticles. Genes (Basel) 2018;9:370.  Back to cited text no. 50
    
51.
Kanekiyo M, Wei CJ, Yassine HM, McTamney PM, Boyington JC, Whittle JR, et al. Self-assembling influenza nanoparticle vaccines elicit broadly neutralizing H1N1 antibodies. Nature 2013;499:102-6.  Back to cited text no. 51
    
52.
Fan T, Yu X, Shen B, Sun L. Peptide self-assembled nanostructures for drug delivery applications. J Nanomater 2017;2017:1-16.  Back to cited text no. 52
    


    Figures

  [Figure 1], [Figure 2], [Figure 3]
 
 
    Tables

  [Table 1]



 

Top
 
 
  Search
 
Similar in PUBMED
   Search Pubmed for
   Search in Google Scholar for
 Related articles
Access Statistics
Email Alert *
Add to My List *
* Registration required (free)

 
  In this article
Abstract
Introduction
Proposed Convent...
Nanoaprticles Ba...
Organic Nanopart...
Virus-Like and S...
Conclusions and ...
References
Article Figures
Article Tables

 Article Access Statistics
    Viewed3630    
    Printed214    
    Emailed0    
    PDF Downloaded320    
    Comments [Add]    

Recommend this journal